Austria - second world war Essay Example for Free

Austria second world war EssayOwing their reputation of fine tastes in craft and culture, the domain of Austria is proud of their heritage, especially of their fame over the occupation of the Germans in the Second World War. The said countrys status remained to be uncertain later on the Allies drove the Nazis away from the country and eventually occupied by the Allies. Austria became really proud of its rich culture and sceneries that were spared by the Nazis. The nation also noteworthy its independence 10 years after the Nazis left the country and the cities flourished. Such events that would lead to the development of a country such as war that depicts change, gives a nation a sense of self-importance that is reflected in its culture and the tastes that the inhabitants acquire. The geographical data of Austria may be described as (according to the Encyclopedia Britannica as .. more often than not mountainous country of south-central Europe. Austria extends roughly 340 mi les (550 km) from east to west.It is bordered to the west by Switzerland and Liechtenstein, to the northwest by Germany, to the north by the Czech Republic, to the northeast by Slovakia, to the east by Hungary, to the southwest by Italy, and to the south by Slovenia. The capital is Vienna. Austria has an area of 32,378 square miles (83,859 square km). Austria is one the verge of development these days moreover still largely dependent on its agricultural side. Most of the birthday suit materials are still sourced from their agricultural fields and lush greeneries.Despite the advent of globalization on its boundaries, Austria remains to be a country of nature. Furthermore, policies of agriculture has been into practice for years in the country so as to protect their source of raw materials. This may be viewed as a strength since the raw materials that the distillery in question may be sourced from the agricultural side of the nation, a eff from the costs that the company may incur . The introduction of the Euro in place of the Austrian Schilling also had a positive effect in the countrys economy.(Anonymous 2006g) This prompted for developments in investors and this can be viewed as a plus factor in considering whether to expand in the nation of Austria or not. Scotch is one of the products in less demand in Austria. Together with the rest of Europe (excluding France, Spain and Germany), Austria constitutes 17% of the total demand for Scotch Whisky in 1995. The small market coat of the nation may be viewed as its weakness since the local distilleries would have had the shares that The Olde Distillerie would want to have.For a small company as the company in question, it would a be a negative sign in investing in a country such as that of Austria. Meanwhile, Austria cannot hide such facts that people of their nation demands objects and products of high taste and rich in culture and history such as the scotch whisky. And like other European countries, its rich taste and heritage may be a possible market for the distillery, for as we have stated earlier, the countries are looking at alcohol as a fork of symbol or identity.Not only is the scotch whisky a lucrative product because of its history, but the taste and flavor of the product may be all in all attractive for the market of Austria. 4. Spain Spains strategic kettle of fish enables it to embody a nation rich in culture and experience. Its location can be described as a crossroad in Europe where, many Islamic states are present for the past 800 years of their existence. (Anonymous 2006h) However, contempt the Islamic states that pose as an outside force that may influence the countrys belief, Spain remains to be a Catholic country with a strong sense of culture and self-importance.

Is the Ecological Crisis the Human Rights Concern of the Century Essay Example for Free

Is the Ecological Crisis the Hu slice Rights Concern of the Century EssayThe ecological crisis has now become an important topic passim the years. Even so, toward the end of the last century, the issues of much(prenominal) crises became a focal talking point of governments, international organisations and scholars. This most likely is, as Leigh (2005) discusses, an increasing acceptance that such ecological disasters reckoning mankind has been one of the most critical turning points that the world has ever encountered. Such crises argon becomed when our surroundings is modified in ways which undermine our continued existence. As the environment and its ecosystems ar in a constant state of being damaged, its quality is vastly ruined and this has major outcomes on the lives that argon dependent on it. Magdoff and Foster (2011) suggest that for the ecological crisis to be understood, it must be looked at in the sense of the boundaries of the planet. They go on to indicate t hat at long last the Earth has several thresholds which it must remain in in order to preserve the gentle conditions that the Earth has experienced in the historical century.These thresholds include loss of biodiversity, modality channelise, a depleting ozone layer, world-wide freshwater and chemical pollution. Unfortunately, the planet has already passed two of these, including loss of biodiversity and modality potpourri due to our damage activities that cause environmental disparities. Until recently, the ecological crisis and its subsequent effects get under ones skin been discussed mainly in the scientific disciplines as merely an environmental issue. It has as well been made into an stinting concern.However, it is now to a greater extent than ever in the 21st century being debated and referred to as a subject for valet de chambre correctlys. This essay seeks to examine the issue of the clashing of the ecological crisis, its human veraciouss implications, and how it has come to be considered the human by rightss concern of the century. The Ecological Crisis The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st has seen a remarkable adjoin in the number of environmental catastrophes that the Earth has experienced.These disasters amaze not been just limited to one eographic region but they have stirred nearly any single part of the planet. Some have included climate neuter, which in turn has been affected by the greenhouse effect and gases the advent of peak rock oil loss of biodiversity and therefore diminished quantities and quality of food supplies plus deforestation, chemical pollution and oil spills. These in turn have had a knock-on effect on the way of living for man and caused such issues as rising sea aims, floods, reduced food resources, droughts, and polluted air and water supply.As mentioned, the Earths threshold for climate change and biodiversity loss has been passed and this has already been causing irreparable harm to the planets ecosystems and the environment. It is still possible, however, to stop such effects from long-lasting harm to the environment, which is why the ecological crisis has become such an important matter for discussion today. Climate Change Of all the environmental issues that have emerged in the past decades, global climate change has been the most serious and most difficult to manage (Dessler and Parson, 2006).Like with the above quote, it is supposition by many scientists and scholars that climate change is and pull up stakes be the biggest threat to the environment mainly because of its potential to bring about such brutal destruction. Oxfam International (2008) stated that some of the 23 richest countries in the world (comprising Canada, Australia and USA) where just fourteen percent of the entire world population inhabits, produced almost sixty percent of the planets carbon emissions since the 1800s. The Earths climate is changing. In fact, it has always been vary ing from time to time.However, the degree of change is now the big worry. The Great Warming (2006) defines climate change as an transformation in the long-term climate of a particular area. It is further stated that humans contribute to this climate change by discharging greenhouse gases and sprays up into the ambiance while besides modifying the land we live on. Dessler and Parson (2006) debate the forecasts for climate change in the 21st century are more or little unclear, nonetheless, this uncertainty piece of ass work either way in that the climate may increase or belittle.The prospect of such unknowns makes this question a pile graver. Many of the activities that individuals carry out on a daily basis has contributed signifi dissolvetly to the greenhouse effect, the depletion of the ozone layer, and therefore climate change. As The Great Warming (2006) personate it, the inhabitants of the Earth are constantly burning fossil fuels for heating of houses, for production of electricity and to run machines and vehicles. All of these activities have been adding to the warming effect on the aureole.The UNDP (2007) motif on fighting climate change established that since the start of the industrial age, the temperature of the Earth has risen by about 0. 7 degrees Celsius and this increase seems to be stop number up with time. The report went further in determining that if a threshold of 2oC is broken, we hazard the idea of greater irreparable damage to the environment. Magdoff and Foster (2011) quotes the International venire on Climate Change (IPCC) stating that by the end of the century in 2100, the most probable temperature increase worldwide exit be in the 2. to 4. 6oC range.This, we can see, is far higher than the previously mentioned threshold of 2oC, and as the authors mention, is a major cause for concern and panic. Such drastic climate change can ultimately lead to ice caps melting, sea levels rising, droughts, forced migration of peoples, a reduction in food produce, and danger to coastal regions. This can lead to reduced wellness and eudaemonia of the population while also causing serious issues with atmospheric pollution. Other forms of the Ecological CrisisClimate change has not been the only crisis the environment has faced. There has also been widespread degradation with other human-driven activities. Goodhart (2009) explains that the ecosystem has been affected by severe exhaustion of its resources. This includes deforestation which has led to erosion and land slippage and thus pushed people out of their habitat. Oils spills have been a major source of concern, according to Goodhart, which has threatened the extract of certain oceanic species that are a vital source of food for man.The ecological crisis will affect the entire world population if nothing is done to stop the effects of all these contributory factors. This has led international organisations such as the united Nations (UN) to establish various age ncies and protocols that will guide international actors in dealing with the crisis. These include the IPCC, as well as the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The UN has also held several conferences over the years to tackle the problems including the Earth Summit in Brazil and the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC) .As will be seen in the next section, some of these mechanisms have begun placing more emphasis on and framing the environmental issues as human rights concerns. Relationship among the Ecological Crisis and Human Rights As the world marks the 60th anniversary of the UDHR, High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay points out that a wide range of universally accepted rights including food, life, water and adequate housing are under a direct threat as a result of climate change (OHCHR, 2008a). The destruction of the environment and its consequent effects on humans is leading to grave human rights concerns.In its resolution on climate change, the UN Human Rights Council stated their concern for climate change posing a direct danger to communities in the world, further suggesting that this ecological crisis has consequences for the full enjoyment of human rights (HRC, 2008) . Framing of the issues in human rights wrong has been a very useful tool for creating greater awareness of its impacts and ensuring that the subject reaches new actors and activists, ultimately influencing the process for the better. Human rights are now frequently referred to as universal and indivisible.For this reason, Hawkins (2010) suggests that every human being is entitled to every basic right by virtue of their humanity. As climate change is possibly the biggest ecological concern of late, many scholars refer to it the most when focusing on the human rights implications. However, there are still very deep human rights concerns for the other contributors to the crisis. Depledge (2007) mentioned that there are, at present, no organisati ons such as the UN that blatantly suggests a right to a healthy environment. Nevertheless, he proposes that the human right to health covered under the UDHR directly implies a link to the environment.This is because the way in which the environment is kept can and does affect the security of people. Therefore, we see truth in Commissioner Navi Pillays words in mentioning these rights. Hunter (2009,p. 7) also suggests that climate change can have an impact on the right to self-determination. One example of the effect of the crisis on this right is that of the Inuit people of Alaska who in 2005 submitted a petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights suggesting that their way of life was being hindered by climate change which in turn influences their continued existence and culture.Climate change, if continued on its current path will increasingly raise the Earths temperature. This will further affect the water sources, our food, and cause major disease outbreaks. These a ctivities are bound to result in significant human rights violations under the various charters and treaties. Firstly, the right to health will see a drastic rise of malnutrition in children. There will also be a threat of major increases in droughts and flooding around the world (Oxfam, 2008). Another right that needs to be preserved during this process is the of import right to life and security.Article 3 of the UDHR asks for the right to life, liberty and security of person. These rights are in serious danger of being breached from the issues of the ecological crisis. Goodhart (2009) maintains that the depletion of environmental resources like clean water and oil has been a cause of violent conflict in several areas around the world and this is of extreme distress because of the occurrence of, say, peak oil. Climate change can greatly affect the security of people around the world.As a result of the rising sea levels, the increased temperature and therefore the damage to land, i nhabitants of the Earth will experience more flooding, droughts and fires, heat waves and higher occurrence of storms. All of these can ultimately lead to death and an increase in numbers. Another important right affected by this crisis has been the right to food as stipulated in Article 11(1) of the ICESCR . Current trends are not a good sign for peoples right to food under this treaty. Oxfam (2008) suggests that any further warming of the planet is bound to expose fifty million more people to hunger by the year 2020.Within another 30 years in 2050, that number could vastly increase to 132 million. These are extremely high numbers that would be detrimental to the survival of many regions and populations. The Oxfam report cites the case of Africa, where land for cultivation is being reduced by climate change causing the season for growing crop to decrease thereby producing less crop for food. The International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP) categorically mentions that climat e change creates violations of human rights due to the constant harm that we are inflicting on the environment (ICHRP, 2008).The most serious effects of the ecological crisis will usually and unfortunately be experienced by the people whose rights and protections are soon not being respected and so occurrences like climate change, tar sands, and pollution will have a greater impact on the more disregarded populations. This includes the poor and usually indigenous peoples around the world. As Havermann (2009) put it, the indigenous peoples around the world are some of those that are most unprotected to these crises while being the ones who have the smallest responsibility for them.For example, the oil and gas expansion by multinational corporations around the world is having severe effects on climate change and the environment, leading on to issues for human rights particularly with indigenous peoples. As Karliner (1991) noted, oil and its excavation has an overwhelmingly negative effect on the economic constancy of these groups. Also a huge concern, as a result, is their health which tends to suffer from these activities. The problems faced by many countries with deforestation have also been exacerbating the note for the realisation of human rights around the world.Many of the forests are disappearing at an alarming rate. The boomerang effect is thus a reduction in the all-important biodiversity that the forests contain and that is necessary for the continued livelihood and survival of those dependent on it. This includes, according to ICHRP (2008), the over fifty million tribal inhabitants of forests around the globe who are constantly affected with their food safety harshly curtailed.If the present rates at which such deforestation and the previously mentioned rises of climate change, oil spills and pollution continue, it is thought that a majority of the rainforests on the Earth will have vanished even before the 21st century has ended. Concern of the C entury? Many environmentalists and human rights defenders have framed the ecological crisis as one with a human rights dimension. This is because most see it now as a serious inhibitor to development, to the daily living of man and to fulfilling the rights that have been laid out in the various international instruments.The ecological crisis has seen a large number of environmental problems over the years and its effects are now being debated fiercely on the world stage. Some world leaders, scientists and the general population are all trying to engage in determination solutions to the problem while others still question and underestimate the gravity of the phenomenon. The issue has become a major concern, not just for the planet physically, but also in a human rights context because the ecological crisis single-handedly affects a range of different human rights as seen above.In many instances, its effects can breach more rights than some of the other current rights violators. In a ddition, while most abuses of human rights can generally be halted voluntarily, if these environmental problems are allowed to loaf untreated then at some point in time the destruction of the environment would have become irreversible. This in turn would result in more human rights violations. As Hawkins (2010) argues, the resources of the planet are limited and so to continue with the existing trend will place humanity in peril.Also, the atmosphere cannot distinguish between the greenhouse gases that affect climate change by the region it comes from (UNDP, 2007). Climate change, for example, is non-discriminatory and unlike other rights violations being perpetrated around the world, it can affect just about anyone. This is why such a huge international human rights advocacy process has now been implemented. In a statement in 2007, UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon referred to climate change as the greatest emerging humanitarian challenge of our time which is menacing the undivided human family.As the UNFCCC acknowledged in the framework, the universal reach of the effects of climate change requires the widest possible co-operation from all countries (UNFCCC, 1992). It is evident that the human rights implications of the ecological crisis is a great concern for many people especially in the recent efforts by NGOs to publicise the matter, while a number of measures have been put in place by international organisations such as the UN to tackle the problems through summits, conferences and protocols like the Kyoto protocol.In 2008, a resolution was passed by the Organisation of American States (OAS) on human rights and climate change (ICHRP, 2008). The commitments set forth in the 1997 Kyoto protocol are soon to end in 2012. Neglecting to meet these obligations will cause us to reach even closer to further crisis. In December 2011, Canada officially pulled out of its commitments to the protocol (Carrington and Vaughan, 2011). The backlash and criticism from wor ld leaders and actors was astounding and this showed the level that the ecological crisis and its implications for human life have reached in this century.Conclusion Going forward without confronting this global challenge that is the ecological crisis with the seriousness that it deserves will result in countless human rights violations around the globe. The climate change, deforestation, oil spills and rising sea levels will cause a massive increase in the destruction of habitats, reduced water supply, island and coastal regions vanishing, and greater health concerns. These in turn are destabilizing many peoples rights to food, health, security, life and livelihood.It is imperative that the principles and norms of human rights are continuously applied to these crises so as to halt the irreparable destruction of the environment and the future of humankind. As noted by the UNDP (2007), the 20th century saw leadership disasters resulting in two world wars in which masses of people suf fered. In this the 21st century, the destructive nature of the ecological crisis has become the new and preventable disaster.

Culture Diversity In Pakistan Cultural Studies Essay

Culture Diver sety In Pakistan Cultural Studies EssayPakistan is a country of over 165 million sight with divers(prenominal) social, ethnic, linguistic and cultural circumstances. The country came into existence after division of British Indian colony in 1947 on the basis of Islamic identity of pot living in this region but different social and ethnic groups feel maintained their distinct character.Mostly lyric poem is the basis of ethnicity in Pakistan. Punjabi is the predominate ethnic class which consists of 48% of Pakistans population. Sindhis form about 12%, Siriki (a variant of Punjabi) forms 10%, Urdu speaking (Urdu speaking population usually refers itself as Mohajirs as they migrated from India in 1947) 8%, Balochis 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1% and others 8%.95% of Pakistans population is Muslim (75% Sunni Muslims and 20% Shia Muslims). Amongst the remaining 5% Christians argon the biggest religious minority who be around 3% of the total population. Other religious groups include Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis.Pakistan is predominantly a rude society where over 65.5% of population lives in the cl holdish argonas. flori burnish is the main employer of the labour force which employs over 43% of the work force. The culture and social norms of Pakistan argon defined by the agrarian nature of society.The relations betwixt work force and women ar dominated by the demands of agricultural orbit and practices. Women in rural argonas ar economically to a greater extent active as compared to their urban counterparts. 16.5% rural women are economically active as compared to 7.3% of the urban womenfolk. Women al some entirely manage the dairy and livestock sector in the rural areas of Pakistan.In rural Punjab the relations between men and women are more open as women play an important role in farming and without their help the farm productiveness will drop significantly. Women go out of their homes to work as cotton pickers, fruit harvesters, and livestock f armers. Since men need womens help in agriculture sector therefore they have a greater liberty of movement.The relations between men and women are undergoing a change in rural Punjab after the recurrence of migrant workers from Middle East who now insist on enforcing strict Wahabi edicts on sex segregation. This change is fuelling extremism as the economic hardships are increasing delinquent to decrease in category incomes.Rural to urban migration, necessitated by growing poverty, has given rise to a number of female headed households which is a new phenomenon in rural areas of Punjab because traditionally women have always been treated as inferior to men and not involved in decision making.Muslims of Punjab are either converts from Hinduism or descendants of migrants from Central Asia who have lived with Hindus for centuries therefore the Hindu edict that guest is incarnation of god has a wide acceptability. Guest is treated with honour, respect and delight. scour strangers are offered food and shelter in times of need to please god with expectation that god will rewards with good harvest. Giving long call protection / shelter is generally not a part of culture in Punjab.Customs relating to nuptials, death and festivals are heavily influences by Hindu traditions. A typical marriage, mourning or festival in Punjab is very similar to the corresponding Hindu occasion less the religious component, e.g. though a marriage ceremony has the same components but a Muslim marriage will have the Nikkah ceremony whereas Hindu marriage will have vows beside fire.Punjab has a culture of tolerance and friendship which is manifest by its sufi saints and poetry with message of universal love towards mankind irrespective of cast, religion and colour. The leading Punjabi sufi poets, such(prenominal) as Sultan Bahoo, Bulley Shah, Waris Shah and Mian Muhammad are all against the strict religious interpretation of Islam as propagated by Mullah.Punjab has historically been conf ronted with foreign invasions from North (Afghanistan and Central Asia) therefore they are quite open to foreigners and are very progressive in their cultural and social values.Urban Punjab is not much different from rural areas as closely of the city dwellers are migrants from villages.Sindhis are the second biggest ethnic group in Pakistan after Punjabis. In terms of proximity to Hinduism they are even closer than Punjabis. A large number of Pakistani Hindus live in Sind obligation.Sindi culture is quite similar to Punjabis where they have great respect towards fellow human being beings. Sindh also is the demesne of great mystics such as Sachal Sarmast, Shah Abdul Latheef Bhitai and Lal Shahbaz Qalandar.The predominant profession of rural Sindhi population is agriculture. However in contrast to Punjab Sindh has a large number of big landlords who own most of the cultivable land. Majority of flock work as landless peasants on lands owned by big landlords. This has given rise t o abuse of human rights at the hands of landlords and a culture of oppression of weaker segments of society.Women in Sindh work in the fields and tender animals like their Punjabi counterparts but are subject to more ascendance by men. They are an object of male and tribal honour. Marriage by choice is still not an option for women whose nuptial affairs are settled by male members of the family. Honour killing, where women are killed for illicit relations with men, is often resorted to restore family and tribal honour.Sindhis are not as open to foreigners as Punjabis in general due to limited interactions with foreign cultures. Despite being on the coastline of Arabian Sea, Sind has been invaded only once from the sea. (Arabs led by Muhammad Bin Qasim attacked Sindh in 712 AD). modern-day day Sindh has strong undercurrents of movement of emancipation from the clutches of landlords. The occasional violence seen in Sindh is against the existing distribution of resources. Sindh is sa fe from the ongoing wave of extremism in Pakistan mainly due to liberal religious views of majority population.The tolerance and harmony that Muslims and Non Muslims enjoy in Sind is not seen elsewhere in Pakistan.Major Urban centres in Sind are dominated by the Urdu speaking migrants from India. These are the people who migrated from areas presently in India at the time of partition in 1947. They were the most advanced segment of Pakistani society at the time. They made Karachi (the capital of Pakistan before it was shifted to Islamabad) as their new home. Due to their acumen in trade and business Karachi became the financial capital of Pakistan.Mohajirs are the most liberal community in Pakistan. Their women folk are the most liberated women in Pakistan. They work in offices, hold executive positions in businesses and banks. Mohajir women are in front ranks of all walks of life including politics, senior management and community service.Mohajirs are represented by their own politi cal party (MQM Mohajir Qaumi Movement) which is a center class based political party and has introduced new middle class leadership in Pakistan.Urdu that is the language of Mohajirs is the national language of Pakistan. The word Urdu literally content the camp language because it was developed in the military camps of Mughal kings of India. Urdu has long been associated with Muslims of India. Despite being the language of a small minority it was declared the National language of Pakistan. This decision caused the first language riots in Pakistan in 1948 in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Despite this Urdu remains the National Language of Pakistan and is spoken in most households who are aspiring upward social mobility.Mohajirs consider themselves culturally articulate and have business relations across the world. They are open, frank and friendly towards foreigners. Their social do such as marriages and deaths etc are similar to the practices followed elsewhere in Pakistan but are less ostentatious in showing their wealth.The most significant involvement that a new visitor to Mohajir area will note is their habit of chewing beetle leaves. Beetle leaves are seasoned with chemicals, colour and spices to chew. The red quietus is then spitted in open areas and often walls and streets of Karachi are red with this waste.Pushtuns living in the Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North Western Frontier Province) province vestige their roots to Afghanistan. The Pushtuns are bound by their tribal code known as the Pushtun Wali (literally meaning the Pushtun way of life). Pushtun Wali has nine major components i.e. courage, taking revenge, giving shelter, humanity to defeated, self respect, justice, hospitality, tolerance and loyalty.The capital of Pushtuns of Pakistan, Peshawar is the melting pot of many cultures and civilizations. Peshawar is a city that represents Indian, Afghan, Central Asian and British civilizations at the same time. Pushtuns have p roduced great poets and mystics like Rahman Baba, Khushaal Khan Khattak and Pir Baba, who have all propagated the message of eternal love and adherence to Pushtun ways of life. Pushtuns are most affected by the rise of extremism in recent years. Peshawar is the centre of global war on terrorism. Thousands of Pushtuns have lost their lives in the war on either side of the extremist divide.Pushtun women observe the most extreme form of sex segregation. Women are often not allowed in public life and those who move outside their homes are covered from head to toe. Women have limited role in agricultural activities. Their role is limited to work inside their homes. However the export of labour to Middle Eastern countries in the 70s compelled men to move out of their villages and many functions previously performed exclusively by men are now being performed by women. Pushtun women become more influential and main(a) as they grow older.Pushtun way of dispute resolution is through a consul tative process known as Jirga. Influential people of the community sit in this jirga and decide on the disputes. Often people with wealth, education and experience are all represented in a jirga. One can specialize to sit in jirga either by virtue of age, wealth or education hence this aspect of Pushtun life is quite democratic.Baluchs live in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan. They have a nomadic culture as barring a few places Baluchistan is a barren area. Water is scarce and the only means of reinforcement is sheep and camel raring. Women and men work alike with herds of sheep and goat.The area of Baluchs is scarcely populated and they live in small settlements in primitive conditions. The Baluchs, like Pushtuns are proud people who guard their independence jealously. They fought valiantly against the expansion of British Empire however the British ruled Baluchistan through a series of treaties with local rulers.Baluchs also dissipate their disputes through the jirga mechan ism but the Baluch jirga is less representative in its constitution as mostly people sit on these jirgas as representatives of their families.The Baluch society is essentially tribal in nature and every tribe is headed by a Chief. The position of chiefs is hereditary. The tribal chief or Sardar as he is known has control over the resources of his tribe.Women are economically active but their parting is not recognized. They do not participate in decision making at the household level. Family and tribal honour is associated with women and any woman who violates the tribal code is punished with death.Seraiki speaking people are scattered on the border areas of Punjab, Sindh and Kyber Pukhtoonkwa provinces. They have a tradition of Sufism and are liberal in their social life. These areas are resource rich but most of the land is owned by big landlords in these areas. The southern parts of Punjab that are inhabited by the Seraiki people, produces Pakistans best mangoes and cotton but t he life of ordinary person is difficult.Due to economic hardships that ordinary people face, the women are economically active and contribute to the household incomes through their work as farm labour and cattle farmers. However like other areas of Pakistan their contribution is hardly acknowledged and they do not have a place in decision making at the household level.

Building Peace After Armed Conflict in Bosnia

Building Peace After Armed Conflict in BosniaProvide a critical assessment of world(prenominal) efforts to build intermission after armed conflict in BosniaThe Bosnian War broke out in March 1992, and persisted virulently along ethnic lines until the signature of the General modelling Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina on December 14, 1995. Also known as the Dayton Accords, the peaceableness treaty was arguably the external biotic familiaritys 1 around substantial contribution to ending the armed conflict. Many observers and Bosnians assess the immediate goals of the Dayton Accords as successful Bosnians are no longer at struggle, and NATO forces enforced peace with few casualties. 2 Yet, while the Dayton Accords ended the struggle, the structural framework that it set up perpetuates the confrontation that drove the conflict. Thus, durable peace remains elusive. This paper critically assesses the transnational alliances strategy to build peace in post-armed conf lict Bosnia by analysing three main variables policy, policy-making economy, and aegis and rule-of-law. This paper can do justice in a brief analysis to the complex dynamics and issues of post-war Bosnia. Nonetheless, it demonstrates that the need for cooperative, topical anaesthetic peacebuilding ownership is dire, and Bosnia conducts systemic reform to enable it. Bosnia and the external actors be in possession of made great strides in forming positive peace. To date, however, the international coalition has lacked the political will and foresight to address the conflicts underlying issues, creating a placement quo that is unsustainable in the long term.The Dayton Accords structured Bosnia as one order with two autonomous components the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS). 3 The Accords institutionalised dysfunction within the political system, creating a acres with uncertain capacity and legitimacy that relies on international actors an d institutions. 4 Bosnias problems during war consisted of slay, rape, and ethnic cleansing today, Bosnia must deal with lawlessness, corruption, and frugal stagnation. Overcoming the latter issues is critical to social, political, and economic growth. Since the end of armed conflict in December 1995, the international coalition has been attempting to transform mogul in war-torn Bosnia to realize a prosperous future. An telling transformation simultaneously addresses political, political-economic, and security dynamics. 5 The international community move upes these variables disparately and therefore counterproductively, detrimentally affecting social, political, and economic development.Transforming political world power and promoting self-governanceA political transformation entails channelling the contestation for power by non-violent outlets, most simply manifested through free and fair elections and legitimate governance. 6 Competition in Bosnia is now focused non-violen tly through its political system, though this accomplishment is only a half-success. The Dayton Accords implemented a highly fractured political system that has led to a fragmented situate ethnic rivalriesrelatively inactive under Josip Titos Yugoslavian regime, but enflamed through the conflicts following its dissolutionare entrenched in every political decision. 7 Bosnias decentralised power sharing prevents hysteria, but it does not promote peace it instigates political gridlock. spot the decentralisation may have been necessary to frame a successful peace agreement, the systemic dysfunction was not a necessary outcome of the armed conflict. Rather, it is (at least in part) a result of rushed elections after Dayton, propped up by an inefficient electoral system. 8 This is in addition to a failure to support the creation of alternative political and social projects in civil decree, which exists isolated from Bosnias socio-political context. 9The international coalition hoped that the Dayton Accords would lead to a political and social system that would help Bosnians develop a shared Bosnian identity. 10 The Accord had the opposite effect. In order to situate Bosnian-Serb support during peace talks, the negotiators agreed to establish a weak central government that would lack authority over ethnically found entities. Bosnia separated into two autonomous regions with 13 overlapping constitutions, officially dividing Bosnians into three separate ethnic groups. 11 After concluding negotiations, the international community rushed elections with a counter-productive electoral system. Rather than encourage compromise across divisions, the system reinforced ethnocentrism and the power of obstinate, superpatrioticic leaders. 12 Voters consistently cast ballots along ethnic lines, and the cumbersome political system masks corruption and incompetence once the leaders are in office. 13 The nationalists that entered office following the Dayton Accords delayed ins titutional development that may have worked to unify the highly fractured society, out of fear of giving one party too very much power. 14This has become a pattern, with the main nationalist parties from Bosniak, Serb, and Croat factions maintaining control of the countrys three-seat presidency after elections in October 2014. 15 In the current system, no party has incentive to cooperate with another, and its decentralized nature allows one party to paralyze the ofttimes protracted negotiations that precede nearly every decision. 16 Political inaction has compelled the richly Representative, with the power to force legislation and dismiss elected officials, to intervene multiple times. Meanwhile, doing so stymies democratic development toward a self-governing state independent of any international administrator. 17The constitutional structure requires reform, though change proves to be difficult. To its credit, the international community has recognized this. However, diverse pac kages of carrots and sticks to incentivize economic and political progressincluding prospective European Union membership and sanctions, respectively proved ineffective. Even using these potent weapons, it has not been practicable to force amendments to the constitution, says Matthew Parish, a former legal advisor to the international supervisor of Bosnias Brcko Districtks. 18 Nonetheless, the European Union and NATO continue to dangle membership prospects in front of the Bosnian government in hopes of encouraging reform. Any reform to improve the political system would likely strengthen the central government, thereby weakening the RS. This is the impasse amidst BiH and the RS. The RS frequently threatens secession in response to centralisation efforts. 19 There is no guarantee that movement toward EU or NATO membership would end the zero-sum relationship amongst the RS and BiH. Instead, a strong civil society may be a viable method to resolve tensions between the two entities.T he OSCE 20has defined civil society in Bosnia as the sum of national wills that act independently of the state without obstructing the state in carrying out its responsibilities. 21It is a space where civilian collectivization, through a diverse set of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), counterbalances the states power and prevents it from dominating society. 22 Ideally, a strong and functioning civil society would generate tolerance, modernisation and social participation, emphasising local participation in peacebuilding. 23 Given this potential, the international community has exerted significant effort to cultivate a strong civil society. Despite its attempts, however, the international communitys extensive influence in the country undermines its efforts. outside(a) efforts to bolster civil society growth are more often associated with the quantity of NGOs rather than their quality, and Bosnian citizens see civil society building programs as discounting local history and soc ial dynamics. 24 Further undercutting its significance, political officials are arguably more accountable to the international community than to their voters. The High Representative ultimately determines the course of Bosnias politics. Thus, the expectation that local organizations will hold political leaders accountable is a organic illusion, and civil society will remain weak and insecure. 25 Bosnian politicsopaque, unaccountable, and corruptare consequentially unaccountable to civilians. 26 The constitutional structure, while preventing violence, maintains ethnic tensions and causes citizens to pragmatically adhere to ethnic politics in response to their perceived insecurity and lack of political participation. 27 A strong civil society is not an counterpoison for Bosnian politics ills, though it is vital for long-term democratic growth. 28 Presently, citizens insecurity and its isolation from the state provide it with little space to promote reconciliation and ease up to peac e.Establishing security and the rule of lawWhile it may not needs be causal, one of the most accurate predictors of whether or not a state will descend into civil war is whether it has already experienced one. 29 A vital factor to prevent resurgent conflict is to establish a secure environment which precludes militant factions from pursuing goals through violence. 30 It is equally important to secure this environment with an institutional capacity to maintain the rule of law and to exact justice. 31 The international community in Bosnia has prevented conflict relapse, though it has done so by institutionalising the conflict, maintaining tensions. Simply put, the international community has created an environment in which it is costlier to fight a war than it is to compete for power through politics. 32 While resurging war may not be a likely possibility, Bosnia is mired in corruption, organized crime, ethnic tension, and violence that prevents political, social, and economic develo pmentmaintaining a status quo between armed conflict and durable peace. This is partially a result of internationally mandated post-conflict amnesty laws, prolonged war- woeful prosecutions, and a failure to transform the wartime economy into a legitimate formal economy.The international community demanded the establishment of the Federal forgiveness Law to prevent political prosecution of returning refugees, draft dodgers, and soldiers charged with a crime, other than serious violation of international humanitarian law. 33 The international community intended to provide Bosnian citizens security whilst they rebuild their lives following the conflict. A number of Bosnian politicians and elites took advantage of the amnesty laws to include crimes like illegal commerce, tax evasion, and illegal use of humanitarian aid, and they expand the time the amnesty covered to include January 1991. 34 These pardoned offenses may have provided simplicity to a number of soldiers that had commit ted regular wartime acts in line with the terms of the Amnesty Law. However, the expanded time-period also provided cover for corrupt officials crimes more than a year prior to the war. Amnesty laws forced prosecutors to drop pending investigations and indictments for politicians in the main nationalist parties, allowing them to continue to compete for power after the war.International actors sought prosecution for the alleged wrongs that the Amnesty Law did not excuse. Chief among these prosecutions was that of the leaders of the warring factions for committing crimes against humanity, including genocide. As the international community saw was necessary following the Second World War, the Rwandan Genocide, and East Timor, justice is often requisite to attain durable peace. 35 The international community lacked the political will after the Dayton Accords to pursue war criminals for arrest, despite indicting them for their acts. The linked States, for one, NATOs member with the gre atest capacity for force, refused to fortune another Somalia-like war criminal hunt. The international tribunal had to rely on its member states to extradite the alleged criminals. This proved ineffective until the early 2000s the international community was unwilling to take meaning(prenominal) action to hasten or force extradition, and the states where war criminals resided were either unwilling or incapable of pursuing them. 36Nearly twenty years after the wars end, Ratko Mladi, Radovan Karadi, Goran Hadi, and Vojislav eeljfour of the conflicts most notorious war criminalsremain on trial. While 141 proceedings of the 161 indicted criminals have concluded, many critics state that the international tribunal has taken far too long to bring the accused to trial, and that those who have been found guilty have received lenient sentences. 37 This perceived lack of justice prevents closure, and perpetuates the doctrine of collective guilt over individual responsibility for atrocities. As a 2013 UN poll demonstrated, Bosnians must reconcile their past in advance they embrace their future. 38 The international communitys role in this has so far been mixed the atmosphere of impunity is now over, though the results have been demonstrably underwhelming. 39Bosnias unreformed political economyThe World Bank estimates that Bosnias shadow economy composes X percent of its GDP. 40 The formal, legitimate economy remains highly dependent on external support, and founders in comparison to the resistance market. The Dayton Accords catalysed an internationally led privatisation effort that led to rent-seeking and corruption organized crime is woven tightly through the public and private sectors. Consequentially, the current situation in Bosnia is rife with contradicting relationships the shadow economy complicates peacebuilding and international efforts, though international intervention has fuelled organized crime moreover, while the surreptitious economy frustrates reconst ruction, citizens depend on it for survivalthe formal economy cannot support them. 41The international community imposed an arms embargo on Bosnia in September 1991. The Bosnian-Serbs were remedy positioned geographically and financially to circumvent the embargo, and armed themselves through relatively accessible smuggling channels. 42 The Bosnian faction relied on international actors and, despite the United States still refusal to enforce the embargo and Irans assistance, was unable to obtain much more than small arms. At the start of the war, the Bosnian-Serbs possessed far superior artillery and firepower, outgunning the Bosnians night club to one. 43 Partially because of the military imbalance, the Bosnian-Serb forces were able to stage the longest siege in modern history on Sarajevo. Supplemented by the UNs massive humanitarian relief aid effort, the Bosnians survived the siege through its reliance on diverse and ubiquitous smuggling networkswhich the international communi ty supported, often directly. 44 People most connected to the underground economy allowed the war economy, and thus the people, to survive. Throughout each side of the conflict, the newly enriched criminal elite formed ties with political leaders that persisted after the conflict. The international community has largely ignored a key correlation, and has thus failed to create a gainful, legitimate political economy The more criminalised the conflict, the more criminalised the state, economy, and society that emergecriminal capital accumulated during a criminalized war has been converted to political and economic capital after the war. 45International finance institutions, particularly the World Bank and the International fiscal Fund, mandated widespread privatisation. Bosnia, especially immediately after the Dayton Accords, lacked coherent regulatory institutions to manage market bragging(a)isation and fair economic competition (Paris 2004). The international actors approached lib eralisation in front institutionalisation. Despite international oversight, this led war-time criminal elite to co-opt privatisation and deregulation. Corruption and botched privatisation efforts are in part responsible for todays 44.5 percent unemployment rate (60 percent for 15-to-24-year-olds) and a $545/ month average wage. 46 Ostensibly, this partly caused protests in February 2014 across 30 cities throughout BiH and calls for the governments wholesale resignation. 47 Bosnias post-Dayton political system facilitates this corruption through its radical decentralisation and weak regulation, failing to dismantle the criminalized war-time economy.Bosnias future and the international interventionThe international communitys direct intervention, in seeking to end the conflict swiftly, entrenched the confrontation in a top-down, zero-sum political system that lacks local legitimacy. If politicians adhere to international mandates, they risk alienating citizens. Local ownership, in it s current form, would therefore limit external assistance. One possible remedy is to convert Bosnia to a welfare state. The international finance agencies have so far focused on establishing an environment conducive to private business. Privatisation, however, has returned few positive results. Massive, state-driven job creation could give citizens a pursuit in the government and spur economic development that private sector oligarchs are unwilling to approach. However, the state lacks the coherence and self-regulation to work across ethnic groups it would require reform before taking such action, and if history is any indicator, opposing parties are likely to block any changes. Nonetheless, the international communitys neoliberal, one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable to Bosnian economic development.Bosnia faces a number of structural challenges that limit development. While it has managed to transform the competition for power through political channels, it maintains an insecure atmosphere in which Bosnians cannot hold their state accountable. In order to become more centralisedand therefore more efficientthe RS would necessarily relinquish power to the Bosniak majority. This is zero-sum dynamic that the Bosnian-Serbs find threatening. Reflecting on past tensions, they fear tyranny of the majority. Proponents of NATO and EU membership aver that membership would relieve the Bosnian factions of the fear that prevents constitutional reform. While EU membership would require the reform that it would ultimately allow, NATO membership requires less and is a relatively achievable future. 48 Nonetheless, NATOs security guarantee does not necessarily extend to intrastate conflict. It is highly likely that NATO would intervene much swifter in a resurgent conflict in order to prevent a Srebrenica massacre redux, but that is already the case. Membership would provide measures to prevent the RS from seceding, but only to an extent after all, this did not stop S cotlands 2014 attempt at secession. International peacebuilding has so far provided Bosnians with security from armed conflict, though it has maintained an otherwise politically and economically insecure state. The ethnically divided country requires reformthat much is evident. While the international community is partially responsible for states dysfunctional structure, this does mean it should disengage from the country. On the contrary, the dysfunction has created a situation in which Bosnia is entirely dependent on international actorsdisengagement could prove cataclysmic. Rather, the international community must change its strategy. Until it does, the international community must maintain a dysfunctional state, otherwise doomed to languish under ineffective domestic leadership and international stewardship.1 See Appendix A for a list of international actors2 Hendrickson, Ryan. 2005. History Crossing the Rubicon. NATO Review. NATO. http//www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/issue3/engl ish/history.htmltop.3 Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2014. NATO. NATO. November 11. http//www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/topics_52122.htm?selectedLocale=en.4 Bliesemann de Guevara, Berit States of Conflict A case use up on Peace-Building in Bosnia-Herzegovina5 Hawley, Leanard. 2007. Keynote Presentation Policy and Strategies for International Intervention. The Cornwallis Group XII Analysis for Multi-Agency Support.6 Hawley, Keynote Presentation7 Toal, Gerard, and Carl Dahlman. 2011. Bosnia Remade Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. Oxford University Press.8 Roland, Paris. 2010. Saving liberal peacebuilding. Review of International Studies, 36, pp337-365.9 Belloni, Robert. 2001. Civil Society and Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Peace Research 38(2).10 Silber, Laura. 2005. Dayton, 10 Years After. The New York Times, November 5. http//www.nytimes.com/2005/11/21/ faith/21Silber.html?pagewanted=print_r=0.11Silber, Laura, and Allan Little. 1998. Yugos lavia Death of a Nation. United States TV Books Inc.12 Bliesemann de Guevara, Berit. 2009. Institute for Public Policy Research.13 idib14 idib15 Staff. 2014. Divided Nationalists Win Bosnia Elections. Al Jazeera, October 13. http//www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/10/divided-nationalists-win-bosnia-elections-2014101314183747199.html.16 Bennett, Christopher. 2010. Bosnias Paralysed Peace. United Kingdom C Hurst Co Publishers Ltd.http//www.nytimes.com/2005/11/21/opinion/21Silber.html?pagewanted=2_r=2sq=dayton peace accordsst=nytscp=417 Chandler, David. 2007. The High Representative for Bosnia Still Runs It like a Feudal Fiefdom. The Guardian, November 20. http//www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/nov/20/russia.eu.18 Salem, Harriet. 2014. Bosnia Burning. Foreign Policy, November 2. http//www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/02/11/bosnia_burning.19 source20 Define21 Belloni osce 1998b322 Belloni, Ernest Hellner 1994523 Belloni24 Belloni, Curran 1998425 Cite quote26 Transparency inte rnational27 Belloni28 source29 Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. (2004) avaritia and Grievance in Civil War, Oxford Economic Papers.30 http//web.worldbank.org/archive/website01306/web/pdf/wdr background paper_walter_0.pdf31 Secretary of defence32 source33 See for list of covered offenses UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Amnesty Laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 19 March 1998, available at http//www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b33214.html accessed 30 November 201434 The Clandestine Political economy of war and peace in Bosnia35 Judge Richard Holdstone, head prosecutor of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, has argued the same http//www.ecfr.eu/ijp/case/israel_palestinefn136 Source37 http//www.icty.org/sections/TheCases/KeyFiguresoftheCases38 UN poll39 Twenty Years of International Criminal Law From the ICTY to the ICC and beyond Theodor Meron and Fatou Bensouda Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 107, (April 2013) , pp. 407-42040 World Bank4142 Cigar 199543 Source44 Source45 Source4647 Source48 Sou

Overview Of Tourism In Malaysia Tourism Essay

Overview Of holiday ecclesiasticry In Malaysia touristry EssayThis chapter is designed to provide an overview to touristry in malacca and the background of Jonker pathway. It is change integrity into few sections to explain about burnish as a compute for travel among tourists, tourism situation in malacca, background of Jonker course, problem bring upment, search objectives, substance of count, limitations of information, definition of impairment, methodology as well as look into organization.Overview of tourism in Malaysiatourism sector in Malaysia is the second largest economic contributor to the countrys consummate(a) Domestic Product after oil and gas production. Authorities has been giving attention to this sector as it helps in generating employment op larboardunities, increasing economic revenue as well as creating the opportunity for development. Malaysia is a country that boasts with its raw(a) environment such as sandy beaches, tropical islands, nation al parks and mountains, which star of it is known as Southeast Asias highest mountain Mount Kinabalu that is situated in the state of Sabah. Further more than, Malaysia is home to a pranceture of unique identities, featuring multi-racial and multi-ethnic communities hence, Malaysia has become a country rich in culture, arts and traditions.Over the familys, this industry in Malaysia has its ups and downs in tourist arrivals and receipts (refer to t equal 1), due to economic downturn and natural disasters. The most(prenominal) solid decline in add together of tourists was inhabitd in year 2003 when an outbreak of disease Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS hit the creation environment. However, despite facing the world economic recession in year 2008 and H1N1 flu disease in 2009, tourist arrivals to Malaysia continued to grow by 57.32% which is from 15.7 billion tourists in year 2004 to 24.7 million tourists in year 2011.Table 1 Tourist Arrivals to Malaysia from 2002 to 2011YearTourist Arrival (million)Tourism Receipts (RM billion)200213.225.8200310.521.3200415.729.7200516.432.0200617.436.3200720.946.1200822.049.6200923.653.4201024.656.5201124.758.3Source Tourism Malaysia (2012)Cultural Tourism in MalaysiaIn todays world of travel, the process of learning and experiencing different cultures has been cited as a common and growing factor for travel among tourists (Lynch, Duinker, Sheehan, Chute, 2011). This factor was not a favourite among tourists when a poll was conducted in the 1980s at the country of United States by Lou Harris, however, in the 1990s, citing visiting heathenish, historicalal and archeologic treasures was important to most of the surveys respondents (Lord, 1999). This occurrence indicates that cultural tourism has long been in demand from the tourists perspective. According to Richards (2007), cultural tourism has the potential to be a new-fashioned form of alternative tourism among local anaesthetic and international tou rists. Therefore, cultural tourism is now a widespread tourism phenomenon. Cultural tourists seek legitimacy in their travel (MacCannell, 1973), hence, it is important for a destination to preserve its own unique identity.Malaysia is a country rich of natural beauty and cultural diversity. As more tourists atomic number 18 into the notion of traveling for the purpose of learning separate cultures, Malaysias promotional board, Tourism Malaysia, has created the slogan Malaysia, Truly Asia as an effort to attract tourists. Besides, malacca cane has besides created the slogan Visit Historic Melaka Means Visit Malaysia (Hamzah, 2004).Cultural tourism has become a factor that has lured tourist arrivals to Malaysia and had turned out to be a potential form of alternative tourism for both international and domestic tourists (Mohamed, 2005). Two out of thirteen states in Malaysia atomic number 18 popular destination for cultural tourism, which be Malacca and Penang that has gained lis tings into UNESCO Heritage List on 8th July 2008. Malacca and Penang both share similarities regards to elements of heritage in the state. For example, both cities depend on historical colonial retraceings of the city as main physical charity for promoting tourism (Ismail, Baum, Kokranikkal, n.d.). Besides, these two cities are find along the Straits of Melaka and were important trading port in the past, had illustrated the multi-culturalism it possesses in the city. (explain the stats)1.3 Overview of tourism in MalaccaFor this cultural tourism guide, the city of Malacca has been chosen as the canvasss destination due to the fact that is has been the focal promontory of Malaysias history. On 15th April 1989, Malacca was then declared as a Historical City to promote its image as a historic tourism destination in Malaysia and was seen as an effort to zone land for tourism and urban conservation (Ismail et al., n.d.). Malacca together with Georgetown Penang has gained listings into UNESCOs (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) adult male Heritage List in its Culture Category as Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca in year 2008 due to its historical and cultural factors. Among the criteria that has make Malacca into the list are representing the multicultural trading town in East and Southeast Asia tangible and intangible multi-cultural living heritage whereby different Asian religions, ethnic, language, dance, costumes, art, food and music coexisted reflects a unique blend of Asian and European colonial influences on its architecture, townscape and culture, especially, its shop houses and townhouses with some originating in the Dutch and Portuguese stopovers (UNESCO, n.d.). However, in order to keep the title of being a World Heritage Site, Malacca has to conserve, preserve, and sustain the true unique, beautiful historical and cultural parts of Malacca.Malacca has divided its tourism sector to 12 different subsectors and each subsector has its own unique selling point. Two of the main subsectors in Malaccas tourism context, is heritage tourism and cultural tourism. This is due to the fact that Malacca is a state rich with multicultural society and surviving artefacts that dates back into the 15th century. For instance, Malacca has a mix community of Baba and Nyonya, Kristang (Portuguese-Eurasian or Portuguese-Malaccan), Chitty, Chinese, Malay and Indian each with its unique cultural identity. Hence, it can be summarized that tourism activities that is based on heritage and culture is significant in Malacca because besides historical aspects, Malacca withal has the uniqueness of tangible and intangible cultural heritage which is not available in all other states in Malaysia, for example the Dutch Square and AFamosa.Figure Tourist Arrivals in MalaccaSource (Melaka-Tourism-Promotion- share, 2012)Figure 1 shows numbers of tourist arrivals to Malacca for the past 5 years. Before the declaration of Malacca as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, tourist arrivals recorded by the Melaka Tourism Promotion Division (refer to figure 1) was as much as 6,023,311 people in year 2007. However, despite facing world economic recession in year 2008 and 2009, Malacca after the UNESCO declaration, tourist arrivals has shot up by 19.62% to the number of 7,205,492 tourists in year 2008 and an increase of 23.59% by year 2009 with a total of 8,905,273 tourists. The increase in numbers of tourist arrivals has shown that Malacca has the attractions that could catch the attention of tourists who are mostly domestic tourists.After the world economic crisis, tourism was projected to rebound powerfully in year 2010 and 2011 in international tourist arrivals and receipts (Kapiki, 2011). Conversely, in year 2010 and 2011, although there is an increase in the number of tourist arrivals, it is noticed that the number had increase by a smaller percentage. For instance, tourist arrivals in year 2010 has an incr ease by 16.28% compared to arrivals in year 2009 and 17.49% in year 2011 compared to arrivals in year 2010. In other words, although number of tourist arrivals recorded in year 2011 was 12,165,866 tourists, which is the highest record than previous years, however, the arrivals of tourists had reduced while the world economy has slowly improved. This has prompted the misgiving of whether Malaccas attraction is able to provide the authentic bonk which is seek by cultural tourists.1.3 Background of Jonker drivewayHistory of Jonker street, according to a documented research done by Lim and Jorge (2006), dating in the 15th centuries, Jonker alley was one of the densely- populated country of merchants and artisans during the reign of Malacca Sultanate. It continued to be so during the period of Portuguese and Dutch. Following the defeat of Portuguese power to the Dutch, Jalan Hang Jebat was named as Jonker Straat (Noblemans pathway) by the Dutch. With the strategic location of Jonk er Street situating near the sea, it has helped in prospering the area and became home to most well-to-do people.To ensure a better landscape is seen in Jonker Street, the Dutch government in the mid 1600s, had implemented rules and strict regulations to the houses design, surface of brick, position of windows, walls and drain, so that all houses are conformed to the same building standards. In the 1800s, more Chinese merchant bought up houses at Jonker Street, thus, adding Chinese architecture and designs to the fa fruit drink of buildings. There is a mix community of Chinese, Dutch, Muslim and Portuguese-Eurasian celebrated staying at Jonker Street until the 19th century, bringing in a diverse of culture and architecture.At the present time, Jonker Street is a five hundred meter long street with a stretch of buildings by both sides of the road. The facade of these buildings features a kind of Dutch and Chinese architecture. Many of these houses are as old as 300 years. Although the width of houses along Jonker Street seems narrow, however, the length of these historical buildings is at least(prenominal) 50 meters long (Ong Ong, 2004) and creates a space in the middle of the house as courtyards for better air ventilation. Furthermore, the width of Jonker Street is narrow hence, this historical stop was designed without a sidewalk for pedestrians.Jonker Street also known as Jalan Hang Jebat, was selected to form a part of the World Heritage Site listings for its residential and commercial values. It is basically, a street that is full of small businesses, cafes, art gallery, handicraft shops, antique shops and clothes shop, which has make it into a shopping zone in the area. However, it could be noticed that some of the shops conducts two or terzetto types of businesses in one shop lot to increase revenue. For example, the owner of an ancestral hall had rented out half(a) of the lower ground of the building to an enterprise to sell local food product and traditionalistic Chinese marriage accessories such as bed linens, wedding attire and red packets and so on In addition, a shop selling souvenirs and antiques, is also selling desserts. These shops are mostly operated by Malaccan residents whereby some of the shops are being passed down from generation to generation such as an antique shop known as Abdul Company.Besides, Jonker Street is also a place with a variety of artisans and craftsmen such as goldsmiths, watch repairers, clog makers, form shoemakers and local chefs. Furthermore, religious activities are conducted at places such as temples, clan buildings and ancestral halls, located along this road. The presence of temples and clan buildings had not only served its purpose in representing the needs of its clan members, but it had also strengthened the cultural elements of Jonker Street.By facial expression at its past, it is evident that Jonker Street is rich with different architectural styles, and traditional shops tha t had made it outstanding. However, measures to promote this priceless treasure have not served its purpose. Malacca tourism officers had noted Jonker Streets heritage and cultural value, thus, to further promote it as a tourism spot, more cafes, shops and accommodations emerged and in June 2000, the local authorities had added a weekly natural process at Jonker Street which is Jonker straits, where it became a street that is popular for its weekend flee market that opens every Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Jonker Walk is a popular attraction for tourists as there is an array of products to be sold, ranging from, snacks, souvenirs, apparel and accessories.According to a have on tourist movement patterns in Malacca done by Rahman, Ismail, and Wai (2011) in sight 8 tourist zones, which is Dataran Sungai Melaka, St. Pauls Hill, Kota Street, Laksamana Street, Temenggung Street, Kampung Pantai, Tokong Street and Jonker Street, it is proven that the tourist attraction with the highest number of tourists, occurs at Jonker Street. Streets in Melaka World Heritage Site such as Tokong Street, Temenggung Street and Kampung Pantai share similar character as Jonker Street for instance, these streets have traditional traders such as goldsmiths, tin smiths, shop houses and business traders. However, one factor that makes Jonker Street outstanding is the design of its buildings. According to Rahman et al. (2011), Jonker Street was the most visited tourist destination in Malacca as it provides shopping, hotel and catering facilities to the tourists all in one street. Hence, Jonker Street is chosen as the studys destination. Furthermore, Jonker Street together with Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock, has formed the oldest heritage zone in Malacca, and were introduced by Malacca as its living museum (Ong Ong, 2004).Problem controversyMalacca is a state rich in history and culture, which some of it, could not be found in other states of Malaysia. Therefore, plenty of efforts have been made to develop tourism products in Malacca and actively promoting it both within and outside of the country. Jonker Street is one of the examples where by the authority had recognised it as a tourist attraction due to its advantage as the oldest heritage zone in Malacca.1.4.1Influence of Chinese architecture and presence of Chinese clansWhen the British took over in the 1825, most of the properties at Jonker Street were acquired by Chinese merchants and changed the architecture of houses at the street with Chinese facades as more wealthy and influential Chinese merchants began to arrive. currently in the 1900s Jonker Street depict strong Chinese influence with the presence of nine Chinese clan associations and temple for worship. Traditional skills such as goldsmith, carpentry, bricklaying, boatbuilding and baking hot were also brought in by the Chinese community.1.4.2 The beginning of commercial areaShortly, in 1927 Eurasian community begin to appear at Jonker Street. This was w hen Jonker Street begins to build its reputation as a commercial area with shops selling liquor, repair shops, furniture shops, car showroom and etc. By the end of World state of war Two and the Japanese Occupation, many residents had moved out of the place, making room for local businesses to start serving the basic needs of Malaccans.1.4.3 Increase of employment opportunitiesTourism sector is now considered as one of the three main source of fiscal strength in Malaysia besides sources from petroleum and industry (Hoffman, 1979). This sector has provided local people with a lot of employment opportunities it is also seen as a main indicator that contributes to the economic growth of a place. Malacca is a state rich with cultural diversity, this in hand, has given Malacca the opportunity to develop its cultural tourism sector.Conceptually, Jonker Street represents the characteristics of rich historical and multi-cultural background of Malacca. Being in a unique cultural setting has also provided opportunity to the multi-cultural society to transform their culture into a saleable object. For instance, tangible culture of Chinese and Baba Nyonya heritage could be sold to tourist through food such as chicken rice balls, nyonya laksa and traditional nyonya cakes clothes such as nyonya kebaya, wooden clogs and beaded shoes. This popularity has attracted a variety of new art gallery, curio shop and restaurant operators to begin business in the area. Besides plentiful of shopping choices, the arts and culture of Jonker Street was also reflected through orchestral music performances, dance lessons, food and souvenirs. Jonker Street is now deemed as a cultural attraction by the Melaka Tourism Promotion Division.Jonker Street is being promoted as a shopping district, emphasizing on things to buy such as antiques and souvenirs rather than its unique architecture buildings and culture. Undeniably, generating sales is a must in a tourism destination in order to obtain ec onomic benefits from the tourists, yet, are the products sold reflect the culture of Jonker Street? Are the tourists able to remember where they get that piece of product from?Jonker Street has been chosen as the case study based on previous research citing that there is vagueness to the meaning of Jonker Street as a cultural attraction despite possessing criteria that proved it is. According to Ong and Ong (2004), whose study is based on Jonker Walk- the weekend dark activity in Jonker Street, has garnered evidence that the project has received negative criticism from the public, citing that it is a negative development on Jonker Street and it is a poor desire in conserving Malacca. One of the criticism mentioned in Ong and Ong (2004), was from Elizabeth Vines (Unesco Asia-Pacific representative) noting that the development of Jonker Walk as a tourist attraction has changed its original character into a commercialised tourist attraction Vines also mention that in order to bring s uccess to tourism development and promotion of the state, the State Government and entrepreneurs has to consider Malaccas character, soul and authenticity.Furthermore, Lim and Jorge (2006), has also point out that the development of Jonker Street as a night market on weekends, has become the means of destruction of the streets heritage by evicting traditional craft masters and demolition of heritage buildings. For example, premises of goldsmiths from the 1800s to year 2000 were renovated, taking away antique painted glass panels and wall mirrors to accommodate a degenerate food outlet, a craftsman of traditional Chinese bound foot shoe maker as well as incense and joss stick maker were evicted from their premises and demolished the buildings to make way for new multi-storey hotel which had failed to happen.More to the point, this issue was also brought up by Lindt (2012), Jonker Street is an example of culture street in Malacca that had been transformed into a tourist destination w hich is less authentic, citing that liquors, batik linens and cheeky T-shirts are among the products sold to tourists at the centuries old heritage street.From the discussion above, the most significant problem being discovered is since the local authorities implemented a new project named Jonker Walk to add to the attractions of Jonker Street, this has raised the question of whether this development affects the cultural values inherent to it? How much of culture value in Jonker Street still remains after the transformation? What cultural experience does Jonker Street offer? Hence, this research is to study what are the products that are provided at Jonker Street in relation to culture tourism elements and the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street from the perspective of stakeholders.1.5 Research ObjectiveThe main objective in this study is to examine whether tourists perceived Jonker Street as an authentic cultural attraction. From this main objective, three sub-object ives are formed, as listed belowTo study the existing product provided at Jonker Street in relation to culture tourism elementsTo study the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street from the perspective of stakeholders (government, Jonker Walk Committee, entrepreneur and tourist)1.6 Research QuestionAs an investigative research study, the research questions developed are based on the objectives of the research. The research questions are as belowWhat product is provided at Jonker Street in terms of cultural attraction?What are the demographics of tourists in Jonker Street?What is the relate to visit Jonker Street?What is the perception of stakeholders towards authenticity in Jonker Street?Table 1 Summary of Objective and Research QuestionResearch ObjectivesResearch QuestionsTo study the existing product provided at Jonker Street in relation to culture tourism elementsWhat product is provided at Jonker Street in terms of cultural attraction?What are the demographics of tour ists in Jonker Street?What is their interest to visit Jonker Street?To study the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street from the perspective of stakeholdersWhat is the perception of stakeholders towards authenticity in Jonker Street?Significance of studyJonker Street is among the famous tourist attraction in Malacca. The authorities have to ensure that Jonker Street has its unique selling point that would be able to attract tourists revisiting the place again. Tourist influx to the street has generated income for some of the residents at the area by selling souvenirs, clothes, food and so on. However, it is noted through observation that products sold at Jonker Street, especially souvenirs are mostly imported goods from other countries and does not symbolize or reflect cultures of Jonker Street. Hence, this research is to study the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street.Authenticity is related with cultural tourism as authenticity in tourism context means the desired experience a tourist gets associated with visits to tourism destinations the result of encountering a culture different than of the tourist (Smith, 1989) which is similar to the objective of cultural tourism that is for the tourist to learn and experience the culture of other nations. This study get out be significant to the tourism promotion boards of Malacca as it tries to understand the attractions at Jonker Street, characteristics of tourists and stakeholders perceptions. Perceptions of stakeholders determine whether Jonker Street is able to provide the authentic experience that tourists seek in a cultural tourism destination. This in turn helps tourism planners of Malacca to further enhance cultural tourism in its state, whilst maintaining the culture of Malacca people.1.8 Scope and limitation of studyThis study is limited to stakeholders related to Jonker Street, Malacca only. It is focused on stakeholders perception of authenticity of cultural product at Jonker Stre et, Malacca. The dependent variable of this study is perception of stakeholders while the independent variables are products provided at Jonker Street and characteristic and profile of tourist. This study bequeath use authenticity as a measure to view stakeholders perception on Jonker Street. This will show whether Jonker Street is perceived as a cultural attraction or vice versa. The unavailability of secondary data of tourist arrivals at Jonker Street and time restrain has also caused limitations to this study.Definition of termsThe following definitions of terms are used for this studyAuthenticityAuthenticity comes from the word authentic. In general, authentic means genuine, realness and purity. Authenticity in the empty context means the real or genuine experience a tourist gets during their travel to places with cultures different than their own (Hillman, n.d.). Objective authenticity is an experience whereby tourists are able to understand the culture of other society at a tourist destination (Hillman, n.d.).Cultural tourismCulture includes a broad spectrum of beliefs, a set of practices that acts as a general guiding principle. According to Bonink and Richards (1992), cultural tourism is defined as travelling to specific cultural destinations such as heritage sites, artistic and cultural attractions, arts and drama at places outside of their usual environment (as cited in (Ding, 2009))Cultural ProductsCultural products reflect a cultures characteristic. As said by Ivanovic (2008), the cultural attraction itself is known as the cultural tourism product. The author has noted that when intrinsic cultural value is found at a cultural attraction, it gives the place potential to be developed as a cultural tourism product. Furthermore, the development of accommodation, infrastructure, services and facilities at that cultural attraction, will be an added value to the product. Hence, the intrinsic value of culture along with added value has formed the destina tions cultural resources into cultural tourism products. For example, when a tourist visits a destination, they are actually using the total cultural product, which are, accommodation, food, weather, transportation, hospitality and attitude of hosts (Ivanovic, 2008). Cultural products could be categorized into two groups which are tangible and intangible. Tangible products are things that are presented in a material form while intangible products are that societies believe it exists but could not be seen. Examples of tangible products are toys, musical instruments, dresses, types of residence, food, sports equipment, writings and artwork while intangible products are such as dance, music, language and literary styles (Lawrence, 1999).MethodologyResearch ObjectiveLiterature ReviewCultureThe conceit of Cultural tourismThe concept of AuthenticityPilot studyData CollectionStructured InterviewData AnalysisData gathering underlying inData Selection FormulationContent AnalysisSummary of findingsFinal ReportBackground StudyMalacca, voice from the street (Lim Fernando, 2006)The making of Jonker Walk (Ong Ong, 2004)Research ProblemScope of ResearchJonker Street, MalaccaProduct mixCharacteristic and profile of touristPreparation of InterviewThe research approach for this study will be based on observation, literature review and interview. Selection of respondents will be chosen through purposive sampling. The survey will be conducted at Jonker Street, Malacca on weekends to collect data from domestic and international tourists and entrepreneurs as well as to conduct structured interview on weekdays with other stakeholders such as government and Jonker Walk Committee. Data collected through this survey will be analysed through content digest. The purpose of the data analysis is to discover the interest for tourist to visit Jonker Street, the products provided at Jonker Street regarding to culture tourism and to understand the perception of stakeholders towards aut henticity of cultural products at Jonker Street.1.11 Research ecesisChapter 1 Chapter 1 is an introduction to the background of research, research problem, research objective, research question, scope and limitations of study, definition of terms, research procedure and research organizationChapter 2 Chapter 2 will discuss about theoretical framework to explain regarding culture tourism, culture products, authenticity, and relations of cultural products to authenticity. This will explain about the effects of authenticity of cultural products to tourists.Chapter 3 Chapter 3 highlights the methodology of research which will be used in this study. The perspective of stakeholders towards authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street will be collected through structured interview.Chapter 4 Chapter 4 explains on the authenticity of cultural products from the perspective from stakeholders of Jonker Street, Malacca.Chapter 5 Chapter 5 gives conclusion on the study by analyzing fi ndings on the perspectives of stakeholders chosen and make suggestions to the relevant authorities of Malacca.Chapter 6 Chapter 6 states the limitations of study, conclusion and presents information on possible extensions on future research.

Essay on Voltaire’s Candide: Relevance of Candide’s Message Today

Relevance of Candides Message in Todays World Voltaires Candide is a philosophical tale of one mans search for true triumph and his ultimate acceptance of lifes disappointments. Candide grows up in the Castle of Westfalia and is taught by the learned philosopher Dr. Pangloss. Candide is abruptly exiled from the castle when found kissing the Barons daughter, Cunegonde. Devastated by the separation from Cunegonde, his true love, Candide sets knocked out(p) to different places in the hope of finding her and achieving total happiness. The message of Candide is that one must strive to overcome adversity and not passively accept problems in the belief that all is for the best. Candides misfortune begins when he is kicked out of the castle and experiences a series of horrible events. Candide is unable to see anything positive in his ordeals, contrary to Dr. Pangloss teachings that at that place is a cause for all effects and that, though we might not understand it, everything is all for the trusty. Candides endless trials begin when he is forced into the army precisely because he is the right height, five feet five inches. In the army he is subjected to endless drills and humiliations and is almost beaten to death. Candide escapes and, after being degraded by good Christians for being an anti-Christ, meets a diseased beggar who turns out to be Dr. Pangloss. Dr. Pangloss informs him that Bulgarian soldiers attacked the castle of Westfalia and killed Cunegonde - more misery A charitable Anabaptist gives both Candide and Dr. Pangloss money and assistance. Dr. Pangloss is aged of his disease, losing one of his eyes and one of his ears. The Anabaptist takes them with him on a journey to Lisbon. While aboard the ship, the ... ... that in life there will be many obstacles which keep and should be overcome. Life has its difficulties but the world would be a miserable place if people passively accepted that everything that happened to them was for the best - shrug ging off responsibility. Voltaire believes that people should not allow themselves to be victims. He sneers at naive, accepting types, informing us that people must work (be active) to make their happiness. Works Cited and Consulted Durant, Will, Ariel Durant. The Story of Civilization billet IX The Age of Voltaire. New York Simon and Schuster, 1965. Frautschi, R.L. Barrons Simplified Approach to Voltaire Candide. New York Barrons Educational Series, Inc., 1998. Lowers, James K, ed. Cliff Notes on Voltaires Candide. Lincoln Cliff Notes, Inc. 1995. Voltaire. Candide. New York Viking Publishers, 1996.

The Medias Influence on Body Image Essay -- Papers Eating Disorders H

Eleven million women in the United States suffer from eating disorders- either self-induced semistarvation (anorexia nervosa) or a cycle of bingeing and purging with laxatives, self-induced vomiting, or excessive exercise (bulimia nervosa) (Dunn, 1992). Many eating disorder specialists agree that chronic dieting is a direct return of the social pressure on American females to achieve a nearly impossible thinness. The media has been denounced for upholding and perhaps even creating the emaciated standard of beauty by which females atomic number 18 taught from childhood to judge the worth of their own bodies (Stephens & Hill, 1994). To explore the broader context of this controversial issue, this paper draws upon several aspects influencing women?s body exposure. First, this paper examines the concept of body chassis and the problems associated with chronic dieting and the diet industry. Next, is an exploration of the prevalence and the source of body dissatisfaction in Ameri can females. It also considers existing research that presents several important aspects regarding the temper of the connection between advertising and body dissatisfaction. From these distinctions, it will be shown that the media has a large impact on women?s body image and that the cultural type of a thin body is detrimental to the American female?s body perception which often results in poor eating pathologies. Body image can be defined as a individual?s subjective concept of his or her physical appearance. Body image involves both a perceptual and attitudinal element. The self-perceptual component consists of what an individual sees or thinks in body size, shape, appearance. A disturbance in the perceptual element of body image is generally reflected in a... ...t Life Size. Sex Roles, 34, 287-293.Ogletree, S/, Williams, P., Mason, B., & Fricke, K. (1990). Female attractiveness and Eating Disorders. Sex Roles, 22, 791-797.Rabek-Wagener, J., & Eickhoff-Shemek, J. (1998). T he Effect of Media Analysis on Attitudes and Behaviors Regarding Body Image among College Females. Journal of American College Health, 47, 29-37.Shaw, J., & Waller, G. (1995), The Media?s Impact on Body Image Implications for Prevention and Treatment. Eating Disorders The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 3, 115-123.Stephens, D., & Hill, R., (1994). The Beauty Myth And Female Consumers The Controversial Role of Advertising. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 28, 137-154.Stuhldreher, W., & Ryan, W. (1999). Factors Associated with Distortions in Body Image Perceptions in College Women. American Journal of Health, 15, 8-15.